- Classification
- ACTINOPTERYGII
- BELONIFORMES
- BELONIDAE
-
Fish Classification
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Class
ACTINOPTERYGII Ray-finned fishes -
Order
BELONIFORMES Needlefishes ... -
Family
BELONIDAE Needlefishes
Family BELONIDAE
More Info
Family Taxonomy |
The family Belonidae contains 10 genera with 45 species worldwide. Eleven species in four genera occur in Australian waters. One species, the Stout Longtom, Tylosurus gavialoides, is endemic to Australia. |
Family Distribution |
Longtoms live in surface waters of all tropical and temperate oceans. Although most species inhabit inshore and offshore marine waters, some are found in estuaries and even in freshwater. |
Family Description |
Meristic characters: Dorsal fin rays 11-43; Anal fin rays 12-39; Pectoral fin rays 5-15; Pelvic fin rays 6; Precaudal vertebrae 33-65; Caudal vertebrae 19-41. Elongate, somewhat cylindrical stream-lined fishes with very long upper and lower jaws containing needle-sharp teeth. They lack fin spines and the single dorsal fin and the anal fins are positioned far back on the body. The nostrils are placed in pit anterior to the eyes. Scales small, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line runs from the pectoral fin base, along the ventral body margin. |
Family Size |
Maximum size for the family is about 2 m, although a few species are much smaller. |
Family Colour |
Belonids are pelagic fishes that live in surface waters. They are usually greenish to bluish above and silvery-white on the belly so that they are not easily seen from above or below. This protective colour pattern or counter-shading allows longtoms to "hide" from both their predators and prey. Most species also have a darker stripe along their sides, and the lower jaw oftens has a red or orange tip. |
Family Feeding |
All species are voracious predators and mostly feed on other fishes. |
Family Reproduction |
The sexes are separate and fertilisation is external. Females lay many eggs, each with long tendrils that attach to floating debris and objects in the water. The larvae are pelagic and juveniles go through a 'halfbeak' stage with a short upper jaw. |
Family Commercial |
Longtoms are of minor commercial importance in Australia. |
Family Conservation |
Not evaluated. |
Family Remarks |
Needlefishes tend to leap and skitter at the surface. they are attracted to lights at night and people have been injured when accidentally struck by them. Belonidae is from the Greek belone meaning needle, in reference to the long, thin body shape and needle-like jaws. |
Author |
Dianne J. Bray |
References
Allen, G.R., S.H. Midgley & M. Allen. 2002. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. 394 p.
Collette, B.B. 1986. Belonidae p. 385-387. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds) Smiths' sea fishes. MacMillan, South Africa.
Collette, B.B. 1999. Belonidae. Needlefishes. p. 2151-2161. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO, Rome.
Collette, B.B. & F.H. Berry. 1965. Recent studies on the needlefishes (Belonidae): an evaluation. Copeia 1965(3): 386-392.
Collette, B.B., McGowen, G.E., Parin, N.V. & Mito, S. 1984. Beloniformes: development and relationships, in Moser, H.G. et al. (eds) Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Am. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol. Spec. Publ. 1 pp. 335–354 figs 172–185.
Collette, B.B. & N.V. Parin. 1986. Belonidae. p. 604-609. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Volume 2. Unesco, Paris.
Day, R.D., Mueller, F., Carseldine, L., Meyers-Cherry, N. & Tibbetts, I.R. 2015. Ballistic Beloniformes attacking through Snell's Window. Journal of Fish Biology doi: 10.1111/jfb.12799 Abstract
Halstead, B.W., P.S. Auerbach & D.R. Campbell. 1990. A colour atlas of dangerous marine animals. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, W.S. Cowell Ltd, Ipswich, England. 192 p.
Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton & G.R. Allen. 2006. Fishes. In Beesley, P.L. & A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia, 3 parts.
Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180.
Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Gary Allen. Pp. 437.
Mees, G.F. 1962. A preliminary revision of the Belonidae. Zool. Verh. 54: 1–96 figs 1–11 pl. 1 .
Parin, N.V. 1967. Review of marine belonids of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Trudy Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 84: 3–83 figs 1–25 [In Russian]
Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen & R.C. Steene. 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World. Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 601 pp.